Artículos en revistas

In this paper, we analyze the labor productivity of “knowledge-intensive services” (KIS) located in the four larger metropolitan areas in Mexico. We discuss the accepted explanation to why big cities concentrate the best and most qualified jobs and activities that generate innovative and technological change and therefore labor productivity. In Mexico this is the case for some knowledge-intensive sectors, but some paradoxes emerge when services are disaggregated by analytical, synthetic, and symbolic categories. We use disaggregated economic census data for 2004 and 2014 to find changes in labor productivity in those KIS sectors compared to the metropolitan service economy. In fact, we can identify different spatial logic according to the type of knowledge that KIS produce. Results show unexpected paradoxes in terms of type of KIS category viz a viz their location and growth performance in the four larger metropolitan areas.

Palabras clave: conocimiento ; sector servicios ; areas metropolitanas ; crecimiento económico

En un contexto marcado por un pronunciado descenso de la fecundidad y una extensa difusión de la anticoncepción, como el mexicano, buscamos detectar comportamientos innovadores en el comienzo de la práctica anticonceptiva que podrían cuestionar la tradicional vinculación entre sexualidad, unión y procreación entre la población urbana. Para ello, estudiamos la temporalidad del comienzo de la práctica anticonceptiva en relación con la entrada en unión y el nacimiento de los hijos en la experiencia de hombres y mujeres de tres generaciones y tres estratos sociales. Con los datos de la Encuesta Demográfica Retrospectiva (EDER) de 2011 realizamos diversos análisis demográficos y estadísticos, con los cuales logramos detectar algunos cambios.

Palabras clave: práctica anticonceptiva; desigualdad social; género; México.

En este texto se propone un esquema para analizar dilemas éticos en el contexto de la pandemia del Covid 19, los cuales se presentan ante un conflicto moral al que se enfrenta una persona (por criterios normativos en tensión) o, cuando varias personas o instancias normativas tienen distintas estrategias ante un evento específico y, además, cada quien asume que su postura es la más aceptable. La ética no decide cuál es la referencia moral correcta, sino que analiza los supuestos de distintas normatividades y acompaña a tomar conciencia de los mismos. El texto no propone soluciones, sino que presenta un esquema de análisis ético, que considera como insumo clave la identificación de actores relacionados con el contexto de la pandemia y la forma en que son tomados en cuenta. Se recupera la categoría de cuidado, como recomendación central para lidiar con la pandemia y como supuesto de todo análisis ético.

Palabras clave: Dilemas éticos; Escenarios; Actores sociales; Normas; Cuidado

Abortion is regulated in Mexico at the state level, and it is permitted under certain criteria in all 32 states, except in Mexico City where first-trimester abortion is decriminalized. Yet, more than a million abortions occur in Mexico each year. But most terminations occurring outside of Mexico City are clandestine and unsafe due to profound stigma against the procedure, lack of trained providers, lack of knowledge of where to find a safe abortion and poor knowledge of the laws. While this situation is moderated by the increasing use of misoprostol, a relatively safe method of abortion, the safety of the procedure cannot be assured in restrictive legal contexts. The purpose of this study is to explore women’s experiences with induced abortion in three federal entities with different legal contexts, and whether abortion seeking behavior and experiences differ across these settings. The study was carried out in three states, representing three different degrees of restrictiveness of abortion legislation. Queretaro with the “most restrictive” law, Tabasco with a “moderately restrictive” law, and Mexico state with the “least restrictive” law. We hypothesize that women living in more restrictive states will resort to the use of more unsafe and risky methods and providers for their abortion than their counterparts in less restrictive states. Women who recently obtained abortions were selected through snowball sampling and qualitative data were collected from them using semi-structured indepth interviews. Data collection took place between mid-2014 and mid-2015, with a final sample size N = 60 (20 from each state). Various themes involved in the process of abortion seeking behavior were developed from the IDIs and examined here: women’s knowledge of the abortion law in their state, reasons for having an abortion; the methods and providers used and women’s positive and negative experiences with abortion methods and providers used. Our results indicate that abortion safety is not associated with the restrictiveness of abortion legislation. Findings show that there is a new pattern of abortion service provision in Mexico, with misoprostol, a relatively safe and easy to use method, playing an important role. Nevertheless, while access to misoprostol tends to increase the safety of abortion, the improvement is moderated by women and their informants (relatives, friends and partners) not having accurate information on how to safely self-induce an abortion with misoprostol. On the other hand, some women manage to have safe abortion in illegal setting by going to Mexico City or with the support of NGOs knowlegeable on abortion. Findings demonstrate the importance of decriminalization of abortion, but meanwhile, harm reduction strategies, including promotion of accurate information about self-use of misoprostol where abortion is legally restricted will result in safe abortion.

Palabras clave: México ; interrupción del embarazo ; marco jurídico

This article presents a study on the care provided by 11 men from different ethnic, health, and socioeconomic backgrounds to two indigenous Rarámuri males with ankylosing spondylitis. This chronic muscular and bone disease is known to evolve progressively, causing disability and immense suffering to the affected individual. Through anthropological research involving ethnographic description and interviews conducted in an urban setting of the City of Chihuahua in the state of Chihuahua, caring practices performed by men that contest prior assumptions about how men relate to each other in relation to their health and masculinity were encountered. To interpret findings, a “caring of the self” framework, along with elements of the discussion of personhood and masculinities, was used; this led to an analysis made through the elaboration of meaningful coding of patterns of caring practices. The patterns identified in the ethnographic data were organized into four groups, all of which represented caring practices performed by these men. The first three groups involve access to food, money, and infrastructure goods, which have a material nature that holds a positive relation to the well-being of the two Rarámuri males in regard to the implications of their disease. The last group is unique in that it pertains to circumstantial factors that required improvisations in the forms of favors exchanged by these males that also positively related to their well-being

Palabras clave: espondilitis anquilosante; enfermedad crónica; indígenas; discapacidad; masculinidades

L’adoption d’une nouvelle Constitution et d’un nouveau nom pour la capitale mexicaine n’est que le signe superficiel de bouleversements plus profonds dans le gouvernement de la ville de Mexico. La Constitution de 2017 répond à des demandes qui, sous d’autres formes, prennent néanmoins leur source dans des revendications anciennes. À partir des principales réformes constitutionnelles et légales qui ont façonné le gouvernement local, ce texte tente de mettre en lumière les tensions antagonistes qui sous-tendent les choix institutionnels faits depuis un siècle.

Palabras clave: Reforma constitucional, Ciudad de México, Gobierno local, Constitución

Cet article rappelle dans un premier temps les fondements de l’approche biographique, le paradigme des parcours de vie qui lui est associé et les origines de la fiche Ageven, outil développé pendant les années 1980 dans le cadre d’enquêtes rétrospectives et de l’analyse démographique des biographies. Nous présentons dans un deuxième temps une version renouvelée à usage qualitatif de cet instrument, en incluant des niveaux d’observation à la fois individuel, familial et contextuel, et en ajoutant le repérage de séquences dans les histoires de vie recueillies, à partir de l’identification des ruptures biographiques. La fiche Ageven, ainsi convertie simultanément en outil de représentation et d’analyse de données biographiques qualitatives, dévoile de larges possibilités d’application sur des problématiques démographiques et sociologiques variées, illustrées par l’exemple de la maternité adolescente au Mexique.

Palabras clave: demografía ; análisis cualitativo ; biografías

Purpose To study temporal changes in the cumulative incidence (CI) of type 2 diabetes mellitus during early and late adolescence from 2003 to 2013. Methods This was an ecologic, analytical study of trends over time. Data were weekly reports of new cases (General Directorate of Epidemiology). Specific CI was calculated and standardized by age using the direct method (WHO). Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models offering a better fit to the observed series were calculated and controlled by intentional screening. Structural break point analysis was performed. Results The CI was lower in younger adolescents than in older adolescents. In early adolescence, the incidence was similar in both sexes and stable over time [Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average female: (2,0,2)(0,0,0), male: (1,0,1)(0,0,0); P < .001], whereas in late adolescence, the female incidence was higher than the male incidence and showed a linear increase [female: (1,1,2)(1,0,0), male: (1,0,1)(0,0,0); P < .001)]. The female series showed two structural break points, in 2010 and 2012. The male early adolescent series showed one break point in 2011. Conclusions Although there was an increase in the CI of type 2 diabetes mellitus during the study period, only the female late adolescence series showed an epidemiologically significant linear trend. There was also a brief, limited rise between 2010 and 2012 that affected all adolescents. This suggests that the disease may be triggered by specific events.

Palabras clave: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ; Adolescencia; Incidencia; series de tiempo

During the second half of the twentieth century, Mexico City, the country’s capital, exhibited unprecedented demographic growth and physical expansion involving numerous local government jurisdictions transcending the historical city limits. The resulting spatial distribution of population and location of economic activities in a complex metropolitan structure generated direct and indirect pressures on the Mexico Valley environment and beyond. Comprising the metropolitan area, a set of weak municipalities impose an apparent insurmountable barrier to transcend roles and a traditional institutional structure. Most, if not all, metropolitan municipalities have shown limited capabilities to respond to what seems to be the cross‐cutting character of these trends that require coordinated multisectorial and multiscale management solutions. This article analyzes the impact of those processes and explores the scope (challenges and opportunities) of urban and environmental metropolitan policy responses.

Palabras clave: Crecimiento Urbano, Retos Ambientales, Forma Urbana, Municipalidades, Política Ambiental, Gestión Multi-Sectorial, Gestión Multi-Escalar, Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México

This paper estimates the costs to replace fish by protein from meat, from grains and legumes, or from dairy products. We apply the World Trade Model, an input–output model of the interactions among major world regions based on comparative advantage, to analyze alternative scenarios about protein content and sources in global diets. We find that the substitution of fish by meat or dairy entails several trillion U.S. dollars of additional costs annually, corresponding to increased use of pastureland, cropland, water, and other factors of production. The price of animal products increases steeply as higher‐cost producers need to come online, yielding rents to owners of scarce resources. By contrast, the global economy adjusts at significantly lower costs to the substitution of fish by grains and legumes, but this dietary shift involves substantial modification in the mix of agricultural output and its geographic distribution. There have been few analytic studies able to associate costs and prices directly with specific combinations of dietary options. We provide a flexible economic framework for analyzing alternative scenarios about the present and future production of food. The focus on the provision of protein for the human diet, allowing for substitutions between land‐based and aquatic sources, lays the groundwork for subsequent closer examinations of the potential future contribution of aquaculture and, in a yet broader framework, the impact of the coming generation of large dams on fish habitat and freshwater ecosystems more generally.

Palabras clave: dieta y medio ambiente; ecologia industrial; análisis de entrada-salida (IOA); análisis de escenario ; modelo de comercio mundial

This article presents a systematic review of scientific publications on the ecosystem services topic with an integrated approach in Latin American countries for the period 1992–2017. Ecosystem services were subdivided into functional (provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural) and thematic (biodiversity, hydrological, carbon capture, landscape, soil) classifications to demonstrate their mutual interconnection. An integrated approach was assumed when ecological, social, economic, and political dimensions converged within studies. As a methodological procedure, the sequence of the PRISMA protocol and a semantic network analysis were conducted to select and review scientific articles from two international scientific databases. The articles were characterized according their evolution over time, geographical location and predetermined analysis variables. The results highlight that the most frequently analyzed services were provisioning and regulating ecosystem services related to hydrological and biodiversity. The timeline showed an increasing number of integrated studies since 2009, with most case studies developed at regional and local scales for forest and fishing socioecological systems in Brazil, Mexico and Costa Rica. The studies were predominantly multidisciplinary, with clear public policy demand and governmental funding. Transdisciplinary studies have the potential to build plural and inclusive knowledge to improve the decision-making process and offer support for solutions to complex socio-environmental problems.

Palabras clave: Revisión de literatura ; Servicios de ecosistema ; Servicios ecosistémicos funcionales y temáticos; Estudios integrados; America latina ; Análisis semántico de redes

In recent years, a historically unprecedented number of Mexican migrants to the U.S. returned to Mexico. Compared to previous cohorts, recent return migrants are distinct in their motivations for return, who they return with, and where they settle. Family reunification remains a pull, but more stringent enforcement of immigration law forced return as a result of deportation, and recent recessions eroded economic opportunities in the U.S. labor market, perhaps spurring others to leave. A growing number of U.S.-born migrants, many with limited experiences in Mexico, are also accompanying family members on return. Increasingly this exceptional flow of migrants is settling outside of traditional sites of emigration/return, dispersing throughout Mexico. This paper addresses how the economic incorporation of this diverse group of migrants varies across regions in Mexico over a transformational period. Using the 2000 and 2010 Mexican Censuses and a 2015 Intercensal Survey, we compare the labor market outcomes of migrants across regions of return. We find that relative earnings of recent cohorts of returnees and U.S.-born migrants are lower than those garnered by previous cohorts. The declining fortunes of individuals with U.S.-Mexico migration experience are largest in the non-traditional northern, southern/southeastern, and central regions.

Palabras clave: Migración de retorno; Migración mexicana; Mercado laboral; Estados Unidos – México; Inmigración

El objetivo del artículo es llevar a cabo una evaluación de las modificaciones en las estadísticas de los nacimientos registrados en México y sus entidades federativas en las últimas tres décadas, la cual se realiza mediante el análisis de la temporalidad del registro en las estadísticas vitales y el contraste con otras fuentes de información. En los últimos años, la diferencia entre el número total de nacimientos registrados y el de los que se han inscrito de forma oportuna se ha reducido de manera sustancial como consecuencia de un menor registro tardío. A partir del 2012, el descenso en el número de nacimientos registrados totales y de menores de un año es reflejo, también, de una disminución en la fecundidad. En el periodo analizado, la mejora en las estadísticas se caracterizó por la baja paulatina del tiempo entre el nacimiento y el registro; este avance fue logrado en todas las entidades federativas del país, aunque en algunas de ellas subsisten deficiencias en la anotación oportuna; en general, las cifras censales son consistentes con las de las estadísticas vitales. De la evaluación de la cobertura del registro mediante información de las encuestas se observa la creciente inscripción en el tiempo de los menores de cero a cinco años, aunque el aumento no ha sido constante.

Palabras clave: estadísticas vitales; registro de nacimientos; evaluación de la información; fecundidad

Los escenarios existentes que incluyen proyecciones poblacionales y económicas no permiten ser utilizados a niveles sub-nacionales. En países en desarrollo la información a nivel sub-nacional y la contextualización de escenarios es escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo pueden superarse estas limitaciones desarrollando: 1) proyecciones demográficas (probabilísticas y determinísticas) y económicas (probabilísticas) bajo diferentes escenarios y escalas temporales y espaciales, y 2) espacializar la distribución de la población a una resolución de un km2. Los resultados indican que para el 2050, la población mexicana podría ser entre 22 a 55 por ciento más grande que en el 2010 y tener un crecimiento del PIB entre 0.54 y 2.5 por ciento. Este estudio muestra cómo los escenarios socioeconómicos sub-nacionales son necesarios para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas socio-ecológicos.

Palabras clave: Escenarios ; cambio ambiental global ; demografía, México.

This paper aims to contribute to a Cultural Political Economy (CPE) of water governance by focusing on the role of political culture in water governance. It develops a conceptual understanding of political culture and a theoretical framework for using political culture as a concept in a CPE of water governance. Three theoretical building blocks are used. First, I use Bob Jessopʼs elaborations on a relational understanding of state power, which emphasises the critical role of processes of legitimacy creation for any hegemonic state project. Second, Margaret Archerʼs understanding of culture as 'cultural system' is used in order to conceptualise the notion of 'culture' from a critical realist perspective. By understanding 'culture' as an equivalent to the concept of 'structure', it becomes possible to evade an empiricist or statist concept of culture. Political cultures can then be defined as systems of meaning comprising propositions about political legitimacy. Third, I draw on Gabriel A. Almondʼs and Sidney Verbaʼs ideas on political culture, and present three dimensions of political culture that are relevant in the analysis of water governance: system culture, process culture and policy culture. The concepts are illustrated with case study material from Vietnam and with other cases from the literature.

Palabras clave: Economía política cultural, cultura política, poder estatal, legitimidad estatal, gobernanza del agua